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Showing posts with label mtDNA. Show all posts
Showing posts with label mtDNA. Show all posts

Monday, 25 March 2013

Recent News in Zoology

http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/34769/title/Giant-Squid-Are-a-Single-Species/

National Geographic Photo

The Scientist»
  • The Nutshell

  • Giant Squid Are a Single Species

    Arciteuthis from disparate locations around the world are genetically similar.
    By | March 20, 2013
    The deep sea-dwelling giant squid Arciteuthis has turned up all over the world. But, whether in Florida or Japan, the invertebrates are all members of the same species, according to a paper published today (March 20) in Proceedings of the Royal Society B. Analyses of 43 squid from diverse locations showed that their mitochondrial DNA varies surprisingly little.
    This lack of genetic diversity is puzzling. While giant squid are elusive, the researchers wrote, their populations are believed to be relatively large and geographically spread out—qualities usually associated with high diversity. The first live giant squid was spotted in 2004, and the Discovery Channel published the first video of the species earlier this year. But partially digested fragments of the cephalopods are found frequently in the stomachs of a key predator, the sperm whale, and scientists believe that they wouldn’t be able to support such common predation if their global population were small.
    “It is difficult to reconcile this low genetic diversity with the reasonable assumption that Architeuthis are globally distributed with relatively large population size,” the researchers wrote in the paper.
    The team collected 43 squid from diverse locations, including New Zealand, South Africa, and the Falkland Islands. They were found floating dead in the water, washed up on beaches, or as accidental by-catch from deep-sea fishermen.
    The researchers said that there were many possible explanations for their findings. The squid’s mitochondria may have evolved unusually slowly, or they could have recently expanded from a small population to a large, widely distributed one. But the explanation they considered most likely was that the squid were unusually well traveled.
    This could mean that the squid, which can grow as big as 18 meters in length, migrate through the oceans as adults. But past studies had shown that they are generally restricted to small hunting ranges. Instead, the researchers said, the squid may float long distances on sea currents in a juvenile, larva-like form, keeping geographically separate squid populations from forming.


     

    The beautiful amphibian from Hell: scientists discover new crocodile newt in Vietnam (photos)

    Jeremy Hance
    mongabay.com
    March 19, 2013



    New species: Ziegler's crocodile newt (Tylototriton ziegleri). Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.
    a New species: Ziegler's crocodile newt (Tylototriton ziegleri). Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.
     
    Researchers have discovered a new species of Vietnamese salamander that looks like it was birthed from an abyssal volcano. Found tucked away in Tokyo's National Museum of Nature and Science, the scientists described the species in the new edition of Current Herpetology. Coal-black with orange-tinted toes, the new crocodile newt (in the genus Tylototriton) was determined to be a new species when it showed morphological and genetic differences from near relatives. Despite its remarkable appearance, the researchers say these are typical colors for crocodile newts.

    "I was asked by a curator to identify [the new species] and temporarily identified it as Tylototriton vietnamensis (the Vietnamese crocodile newt). However, the morphology was different from the original description of the Vietnamese crocodile newt," Kanto Nishikawa with Kyoto University told mongabay.com. "Because I have never seen the Vietnamese crocodile newt I could not confirm the specimens in Tokyo are undescribed species. In 2012, I had a chance to visit Vietnam and discussed [the specimen] with co-author, Tao Thien Nguyen, and made a conclusion on its taxonomic status, as new species."

    The scientists named the new species Ziegler's crocodile newt (Tylototriton ziegleri) after Thomas Ziegler of Cologne Zoo who works with reptiles and amphibians in Vietnam. The new species is small, with males measuring 5.4 to 6.8 (2 to 2.6 inches) centimeters and females measuring 7.1 centimeters (2.7 inches). While genetic testing proved that it was a new species, the morphological differences were key.

    Ziegler's crocodile newt is currently only known from only a small habitat of montane forest and wetlands.

    "Currently, habitat loss and degradation, especially around the breeding ponds, is a major threat to the populations of the new species," the researchers write in the paper. "Legal protection of their habitats and regulation of excessive commercial collection are important measures for conservation of this species."

    Crocodile newts are popular in the illegal pet trade and are often over-collected from the wild. There are now ten known species, eight of which have been evaluated by the IUCN Red List. Of these eight, three are threatened with extinction, four are listed as Near Threatened, and only one is Least Concern.

    In the salamander family, newts have rougher skin than other salamanders as adults. Most of the world's salamanders are in the newt family, also known as efts.


    The larva of Ziegler's crocodile newt. Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.
    The larva of Ziegler's crocodile newt. Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.


    Detail of adult Ziegler's crocodile newt. Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.
    Detail of adult Ziegler's crocodile newt. Photo courtesy of Tao Thien Nguyen.



    CITATION: Kanto Nishikawa, Masafumi Matsui, and Tao Thien Nguyen. A New Species of Tylototriton from Northern Vietnam (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae). Current Herpetology 32(1): 34–49, February 2013.

    Read more at http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0318-hance-crocodilenewt-new.html?80b4j0Pb3R2USVHX.99#3IHApvDP2rftctrK.99

    Sunday, 24 March 2013

    Ketchum DNA Study Discussion continues

    Melba Ketchum posted a mesage recently which presumably acted as "nsolicited support" for her hypothesis that Bigfoot DNA consists of human maternal ancestors and an unknown primate progenitor along the male line. The notice begins with this citation:

    The following was a unsolicited commentary by A. John Marsh on a genealogy DNA page which scientists use to discuss mtDNA origin. This is not the complete discussion . However, it sums up the analysis.

    T2 BIGFOOTS FOUND IN 5 DIFFERENT STATES:


    Along w
    ...See More

    www.nature.com
    Agriculture resulted in extensive population growths and human activities. Howev...er, whether major human expansions started after Neolithic Time still remained controversial. With the benefit of 1000 Genome Project, we were able to analyze a total of 910 samples from 11 populations in Africa, Europe…
     
    And the gist of the support discussed the stated findings that the mtDNA analyzed form Bigfoot samples were of this T group, were related to one another, and originated in a subsection of T haplogroup carriers that originated about 13000 years ago.
     
    My reply included the following information:
     
    "This looks good on the surface but all it says really is that the human element of the DNA samples studied are all related and are out of one set of human ancestors centered on Western Europe and the British Isles and in fact is probably indicating one or more populations coming out of ther British Isles (which would be the case if you were sampling White Americans)The T group is prominently associated with Megalithic Europe and is common in Ireland: it is thought to have some relation to the redheaded strain of Western Europeans. It is also the maternal line of the current Royal Family of England (the Queen of England carries this type of mtDNA) and there are all sorts of different mutated strains in the set which are unlike the rest of the mtDNA T haplogroup: Hemophilia is a mutant genetic defect arising out of the same royal family and all hemophiliacs in the world today got it from Queen Victoria's family. NONE of this is good news for Bigfoot relationships because ALL of this information is well known to be WITHIN the human species. Group T is stated in the book Seven Daughters of Eve to have originated 13000 BC. No new news. That book was written by B. Sykes
     
    We are defining the relatedness among DIFFERENT RELATED HUMAN DNAs. Nothing more.
    We are talking DNAs COMMON IN THE BRITISH ISLES especially, Which WOULD be represented among WHITE AMERICANS."
     
     
     

    Saturday, 16 February 2013

    Melba Ketchum DNA Paper Released

    Melba Ketchum made the effort to acquire the Denovo Scientific Journal recently.
     Ketchum's paper was  published in Denovo Scientific Journal , February 13, 2013. Pictured below was the early-release version of the paper widely distributed earlier in the week..The full paper is supposed to be $30.00 and obtainable through the site.

    www.denovojournal.com




    THREE BIGFOOT GENOMES SEQUENCED IN 5-YEAR DNA STUDY

    New Research Paper Published Friday Shows Homo Sapiens/Unknown Hominin Hybrid Species Extant in North America
    DALLAS, February 10th

    A team of scientists will publish their five-year long study of DNA samples from a novel hominin species, commonly known as “Bigfoot” or “Sasquatch,” on Friday February 15th, 2013. The results suggest that the legendary Sasquatch is extant in North America and is a human relative that arose approximately 13,000 years ago as a hybrid cross of modern Homo sapiens with an novel primate species.

    The study, “Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes and Associated Studies,” was conducted by a team of experts in genetics, forensics, imaging and pathology. The team, led by Dr. Melba Ketchum of DNA Diagnostics in Nacogdoches, TX, included Dr. Pat Wojtkiecicz, Director of the North Louisiana Criminalistics Laboratory; Ms. Aliece Watts of Integrated Forensic Laboratories in Euless, TX; Mr. David Spence, Trace Evidence Supervisor at Southwestern Institute of Forensic Sciences; Dr. Andreas K. Holzenburg, Director of the Microscopy & Imaging Center at Texas A&M University; Dr. Douglas G. Toler of Huguley Pathology Consultants in Fort Worth, TX; Dr. Thomas M. Prychitko of Wayne State University in Michigan; Dr. Fan Zhang of the University of North Texas Health Science Center; and Sarah Bollinger, Ray Shoulders, and Ryan Smith of DNA Diagnostics.

    In total, 110 specimens of purported Sasquatch hair, blood, skin, and other tissue types were analyzed for the study. Samples were submitted by individuals and groups at 34 different hominin research sites in 14 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. Ketchum’s team sequenced 20 whole and 10 partial mitochondrial genomes, as well as 3 whole nuclear genomes, from the samples.

    Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) comes from mitochondria, energy-producing organelles in the cellular cytoplasm, and is passed down on the maternal lineage across generations. Nuclear DNA (nuDNA) is the genetic information contained in the cell nucleus and is the equal combination of DNA from the parents of an individual.

    Initially a skeptic, Ketchum implemented strict protocols to ensure the scientific integrity of the study. DNA samples from submitters and scientists working with study specimens were obtained for use as controls. DNA was extracted from samples using forensic procedures to prevent contamination. Forensics experts examined the morphology of the submitted hair samples against known human and animal samples before beginning DNA testing. “We soon discovered that certain hair samples--which we would later identify as purported Sasquatch samples--had unique morphology distinguishing them from typical human and animal samples,” says Ketchum. “Those hair samples that could not be identified as known animal or human were subsequently screened using DNA testing, beginning with sequencing of mitochondrial DNA followed by sequencing nuclear DNA to determine where these individuals fit in the ‘tree of life.'”

    After extensive forensic controls to prevent contamination, mtDNA testing of the Sasquatch samples yielded fully modern human profiles. Sixteen haplotypes indicating 100% homology with modern human mtDNA sequences were observed from 20 completed whole and 10 partial mitochondrial genomes. The human mtDNA results are consistent with prior, unrelated mtDNA tests of purported Sasquatch samples from other laboratories.

    Next-generation whole genome sequencing with the HiSeq 2000 platform by Illumina was performed at the University of Texas, Southwestern on one tissue sample, a saliva sample and one blood sample to produce 3 whole genomes. In contrast to the mtDNA which was unambiguously modern human, the Sasquatch nuDNA results were a mosaic of novel primate and human sequence.

    “While the three Sasquatch nuclear genomes aligned well with one another and showed significant homology to human chromosome 11 which is highly conserved in primates, the Sasquatch genomes were novel and fell well outside of known ancient hominin as well as ape sequences,” explains Ketchum. “Because some of the mtDNA haplogroups found in our Sasquatch samples originated as late as 13,000 years ago, we are hypothesizing that the Sasquatch are human hybrids, the result of males of an unknown hominin species crossing with female Homo sapiens.”

    Hominins are members of the taxonomic grouping Hominini, which includes all members of the genus Homo.

    “Novel North American Hominins, Next Generation Sequencing of Three Whole Genomes and Associated Studies.”

    Authors: Ketchum MS, Wojtkiewicz PW, Watts AB, Spence DW, Holzenburg AK, Toler DG, Prychitko TM, Zhang F, Bollinger S, Shoulders R, Smith R

    Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Exploration in Zoology. 11 January 2013.

    Specimens yielding DNA were obtained, purportedly from elusive hominins in North America

    Once again, the technical language of the final report is misleading and the methodology unsound, and it is so in exactly the same way that I explained when the news of this study was first broken.  More than one species is undoubtedly included in the samples, and I still hold that some of the samples are from quite ordinary members of Homo sapiens. Others are non-primate, and an independant team has suggested that some samples come from a black bear. Undoubtedly some such confusion has resulted in the problem with chromosome 11.  The section dealing with the mtDNA in particular is making statements and assumptions which are incorrect and the conclusion drawn as to the mtDNA originating in Europeans 13000 years ago is undoubtedly due to contamination by European (Post-colonial) DNA being included in the sample by contamination. In a specific example, the sample handled by Justin Smeja was contaminated by Smeja's own blood on the sample. That particular conclusion must be removed because of such contamination.

    On the other hand I am perfectly happy with the general conclusion that most of the Bigfoot samples from North America come from a type of Homo sapiens. I merely do not accept all of the conclusions drawn from the study because I feel that more than one species is represented in the samples used. I do not wish to state a subspecific name needs to be assigned to it, nor yet do I contend that an exact subspecific name is justified at this point.

    Once again, this identification of such creatures as Homo sapiens does mean that anybody killing any individual of this species will be guilty of murder.-DD

    Saturday, 24 November 2012

    Melba Ketcham's Official Announcement

    From Dr. Ketchum, herself:

    Below is our official response:

    FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE

    ‘BIGFOOT’ DNA SEQUENCED IN UPCOMING GENETICS STUDY

    Five-Year Genome Study Yields Evidence of Homo sapiens/Unknown Hominin Hybrid Species in North America

    Contact: Robin Lynne, media@dnadiagnostics.com, 231.622.5362

    DALLAS, Nov. 24--A team of scientists can verify that their 5-year long DNA study, currently under peer-review, confirms the existence of a novel hominin hybrid species, commonly called “Bigfoot” or “Sasquatch,” living in North America. Researchers’ extensive DNA sequencing suggests that the legendary Sasquatch is a human relative that arose approximately 15,000 years ago as a hybrid cross of modern Homo sapiens with an unknown primate species.

    The study was conducted by a team of experts in genetics, forensics, imaging and pathology, led by Dr. Melba S. Ketchum of Nacogdoches, TX. In response to recent interest in the study, Dr. Ketchum can confirm that her team has sequenced 3 complete Sasquatch nuclear genomes and determined the species is a human hybrid:

    “Our study has sequenced 20 whole mitochondrial genomes and utilized next generation sequencing to obtain 3 whole nuclear genomes from purported Sasquatch samples. The genome sequencing shows that Sasquatch mtDNA is identical to modern Homo sapiens, but Sasquatch nuDNA is a novel, unknown hominin related to Homo sapiens and other primate species. Our data indicate that the North American Sasquatch is a hybrid species, the result of males of an unknown hominin species crossing with female Homo sapiens.

    Hominins are members of the taxonomic grouping Hominini, which includes all members of the genus Homo. Genetic testing has already ruled out Homo neanderthalis and the Denisova hominin as contributors to Sasquatch mtDNA or nuDNA. “The male progenitor that contributed the unknown sequence to this hybrid is unique as its DNA is more distantly removed from humans than other recently discovered hominins like the Denisovan individual,” explains Ketchum.

    “Sasquatch nuclear DNA is incredibly novel and not at all what we had expected. While it has human nuclear DNA within its genome, there are also distinctly non-human, non-archaic hominin, and non-ape sequences. We describe it as a mosaic of human and novel non-human sequence. Further study is needed and is ongoing to better characterize and understand Sasquatch nuclear DNA.”

    Ketchum is a veterinarian whose professional experience includes 27 years of research in genetics, including forensics. Early in her career she also practiced veterinary medicine, and she has previously been published as a participant in mapping the equine genome. She began testing the DNA of purported Sasquatch hair samples 5 years ago.

    Ketchum calls on public officials and law enforcement to immediately recognize the Sasquatch as an indigenous people:

    “Genetically, the Sasquatch are a human hybrid with unambiguously modern human maternal ancestry. Government at all levels must recognize them as an indigenous people and immediately protect their human and Constitutional rights against those who would see in their physical and cultural differences a ‘license’ to hunt, trap, or kill them.”

    Full details of the study will be presented in the near future when the study manuscript publishes.
     
    *Unfortunately for this announcement and I have previously pointed out, We know NOTHING of other Hominid species' Nuclear DNA. What we have is the mitochondrial (mt) DNA: That is the part which is retained in fossils. The statements as given for Neanderthal and Denisovan Nuclear DNA are without any base data to go on*

    Saturday, 11 February 2012

    Chronology of the Recent Bigfoot Shooting Story

    http://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2011/07/05/chronology-of-the-recent-bigfoot-shooting-story/

    Chronology of the Recent Bigfoot Shooting Story

    [Reposted from Robert Lindsay's Blog]

    Alleged Bigfoot Shooter From Robert Lindsay's Blog

    Chronology of the Recent Bigfoot Shooting Story

    I know most of the players in this story, and I believe that it is true. At least the shooting part. Here is what happened.
    1. The shooter shows up on Taxidermy.net and starts a thread saying I just shot 2 Bigfoots, now what do I do? The shooter is well known on the site and is a frequent contributor.
    2. Thread quickly spins out of control going to 60 pages. The story is revealed on the thread.
    3. Mods get messages that shooter is being harassed and threatened by people as a result of the thread, apparently mad that he killed two BF’s.
    4. Thread is shut down.
    5. A man named “Bear Hunter” from Taxidermy.net gets involved, calls up the shooter and questions him at length. The story outline results:
    The 25 year old shooter, a transplanted Texan who left Texas nine years ago, was a passenger in a truck near the Dixie Mountain Game Refuge on the Plumas National Forest west of Frenchman Lake in the Sierra Nevada on the border of California and Nevada. It was mid-November 2010, and they were bear hunting. There was already snow on the ground. They hoped to find a bear just before it went into hibernation.
    They came around a bend, and there was a dirty white female Bigfoot in the road 80 yards away. The shooter grabbed his 25.06 rifle and jumped out of his vehicle. As he jumped out, the Bigfoot started running towards him waving her arms. When the Bigfoot saw the gun, she turned as if to start to run away. The shooter’s companion yelled, “Don’t shoot! It’s a man in a monkey suit!” But he shot anyway. The shooter shot her in the side of the chest, and the bullet penetrated her lungs.
    The shooter says he shot her because he thought she was a bear, but that’s not true. He knew what she was. The reason he shot her is because he thought she was threatening him.
    She went down, then got to her feet. She ran off, sometimes on two legs and sometimes on four. After a while, she crashed off into the brush and died.
    The men went to go look for the female Bigfoot. Suddenly two small, strange creatures appeared, sometimes on two legs, sometimes in four. They looked like a cross between a bear and a gorilla. The creatures had very large heads. They were on either side of the hunters, communicating back and forth.
    The shooter raised his gun, fired and shot one of the creatures dead. The other small creature apparently escaped. As the shooter cradled the dying creature in his arms, both men realized that it was a young creature of the same type the shooter had just shot. At this point, they figured out that he had killed two Bigfoots. The juvenile Bigfoot died in his arms.
    The shooter says he shot the young Bigfoot because it was threatening him. This is not true. He just shot it for some unknown reason.
    The other man with the shooter was so hysterical and upset about the shootings at this point that he took the shooter’s gun away from him and pointed it at him, threatening him. He told the shooter that if he tried to shoot another one of those animals, he would shoot the shooter instead.
    The story is that they both were so upset by that point that they left the area. The shooter said that they left the animals in the field and that he was not going back to the area until next fall.
    The basic outline of the story is uncontroversial and is acknowledged by everyone who believes the story. The only differences are about the motivations of the shooter and what was or was not left behind.
    6. Bear Hunter puts the shooter in contact with the Olympic Project (OP) in Washington State. The OP says, “We’re just trying to keep the shooter out of jail!” The shooter is very frightened of going to jail over the killing of the two Bigfoots. At this point, the story seems to die.
    7. Suddenly Bear Hunter realizes that the shooter is deeply involved in the OP. This seems odd. Why is a guy who just shot two Bigfoots suddenly a major part of this organization?
    8. Mysteriously, the OP appears on various Bigfoot forums, bragging that they have enough Bigfoot DNA samples to last for years. Bear Hunter regards this as curious and suspects that the shooter may have harvested one or both of the killed Bigfoots or parts of them and is keeping them on ice somewhere and giving the OP access to them.
    9. Bizarrely, someone in California, apparently the shooter, submits a very strange sample to Melba Ketchum’s Bigfoot DNA project. It resembles a large slice off the thigh of a human cadaver, except that it is very hairy. The slice is about seven inches long by four inches wide by two-three inches deep – it’s a Bigfoot steak. The color of the hair is the same color as that of the killed mother Bigfoot. It appears to have been carved off of a body with a knife or some sort of a tool.
    Dr. Ketchum freaks out because she thinks she is in possession of tissue sliced off a dead Bigfoot. She is worried that police will raid her lab to take away the sample and everything else she has, because that’s what the government does with Bigfoot evidence. She tries to get others to hold it for her instead. The others decline to take it off her hands.
    11. The Bigfoot steak tests out as “no known mammal.” However, the DNA (probably MtDNA) tests as “human.” Nevertheless, according to a recent radio show, two men associated with Ketchum’s DNA project implied that the Bigfoot steak tested out as coming from a Bigfoot by DNA.
    12. I break the story.
    13. Pandemonium ensues.
    14. The OP appears on forums, agreeing with the basics of the story: that the two Bigfoots were shot in the time and place where they were killed. They differ on the motivations of the shooter and certain other relatively non-important things.
    They also reveal that the shooter went back to the site two weeks later, dug through the snow and found a nice chunk of the dead Bigfoot mother. Someone, apparently the shooter, sent the Bigfoot steak to Ketchum’s lab from California.
    Credibility:
    Adrian Erickson, Melba Ketchum, the Olympic Project, Bear Hunter and the shooter all think that the Bigfoot shooting story is true in its basic facts. They also agree that a chunk of one dead Bigfoot was sent to Ketchum’s lab.
    Adrian Erickson, Richard Stubstad and Ketchum agree that Ketchum freaked out when she got the sample because she thought it was from a Bigfoot, and she thought the authorities would raid her lab to seize the Bigfoot steak and the rest of her samples, since this what they do with Bigfoot evidence.
    People associated with Taxidermy.net agree that the long thread existed until it was shut down.
    Possibility of a hoax: The general conclusion on the Net is that the story itself is fake.
    Let us look at that possibility.
    We know that the Taxidermy.net thread is real.
    What if the shooter just made up the whole story? It’s possible, but I do not think he made up this story. His character is open to debate, but he’s not a faker or a hoaxer. On the other hand, some say that he is a very unreliable person and that at one point at least, he did not believe in Bigfoot. So it’s conceivable he made up the story as a gag, since that is what non-believers do.
    What if the OP is making up the story? They don’t make stuff up. They are good researchers with excellent integrity. They don’t hoax. However, it is possible that they were hoaxed by the shooter, although I don’t believe that this happened.
    The hunk of flesh adds credibility to the story. The OP says it’s a chunk of Bigfoot flesh from one the killed Bigfoots. Could it have been hoaxed? Possibly.
    However, someone would have had to have had access to a human cadaver and then sawed off a chunk of the thigh. How likely is that? Further, this would have had to have been a very strange human cadaver, one covered with hair. And the hair would have had to have been the exact same color of the hair of one of the Bigfoots that got shot. How likely is that? In addition, two men made statements on a radio show implying that the Bigfoot steak tested out as coming from a Bigfoot by DNA.
    Conclusion: As you can see, there is a great deal about this incident that seems to point away from a hoax or a lie. In fact, I believe it is neither, and I believe the basis for the story is true.
    The two Bigfoots were indeed shot dead in California in November. At least one piece from one of the Bigfoots was sent in by the OP to Ketchum’s DNA lab for testing. The director thought that it was a slice of a killed Bigfoot, and she requested others take it off her hands in case the police raid the lab and seize the sample as they tend to do with Bigfoot evidence.
    There you have it.

    http://robertlindsay.wordpress.com/2011/07/07/update-to-the-sierra-kill-story/

    by | July 7, 2011 · 9:25 AM

    Update to the “Sierra Kills” Story

    Updating the story of the two Bigfoots shot and killed in California in November 2010, we can now report that the shooter appears to have taken one or more of the bodies or parts of them with him on the day that he shot them.
    Shooter may have taken bodies with him. Although the shooter has never admitted that he took the bodies that day, the evidence seems to indicate that he did.
    There is a rumor flying around Taxidermy.net that the shooter said he cut the bodies into small pieces and hid them in a large number of different places or possibly with different people, scattered all around. They are on ice if this is true. This lines up perfectly with the timeline where the Olympic Project went around to Bigfoot forums soon after the killings saying that they had enough samples to last for years. The reason they said that, presumably, is because they have access to two dead Bigfoot bodies.
    The shooter said he went back to the site two weeks later and found a small piece of flesh by digging through the snow, which was then sent in to Dr. Melba Ketchum’s DNA project. However, the piece of flesh sent in was 7 inches long by 4 inches wide by 3 inches deep. That’s as big as a steak!
    There is no way that a gunshot would have sawed off that big of a chunk of flesh. There is also no way that a chunk of flesh that big would be left from animals eating the body. Further, Bigfoots bury their dead. If the two Bigfoots were left there, then other Bigfoots would have probably come soon after to carry off the dead and bury them somewhere else. Bottom line is that the story about going back two weeks later and finding the Bigfoot steak in the snow may not be true.
    Is it possible that the shooter carved off the steak before he left that day? It’s possible, but I talked to taxidermists, and they told me that that story does not ring true. The shooter is a taxidermist himself. The taxidermists told me that no taxidermist would just saw off a piece of a thigh of an animal. A taxidermist would want to take the whole thing. They told me that he must have taken both bodies with him that day, probably putting them in the back of his truck.
    One argument is that if the shooter really did kill two Bigfoots, why didn’t he go to the media with the news and get famous? Or why didn’t the Olympic Project do the same thing? The word from my sources is that everyone is afraid of going to jail, and that’s why they didn’t go to the media. A lot of people say they don’t believe that would stop anyone, but that’s the typical dynamic in these Bigfoot shootings. People shoot these things, then they look at the body and see how much it resembles a man, and they are afraid they are going to go down on homicide.
    Friends tried to stop him from shooting the Bigfoot. We can also now report that the other man with him tried to stop the shooter from shooting the first Bigfoot. He yelled, “It’s a man in a monkey suit! Don’t shoot!” But he shot it anyway.
    Shooter comes out of hiding. The shooter himself appears to be posting on internet forums lately. Here is one thread that appears to be from the shooter. Compared to writings from the shooter’s Internet pages, the writing style seems quite similar.

    The probable area of the "Sierra kill" Bigfoot shootings is circled.
    Shooter is a “maniac hunter”. The shooter caused quite a stir on Taxidermy.net in a thread about wolves by showing up and saying he would personally kill very single wolf in North America if he was given a chance to. This statement made a lot of people mad and caused a minor furor on the site. This goes in line with the general line about the hunter that he’s a “maniac hunter,” as we described earlier.
    Shooter needs amnesty, or else. Sources also tell me that unless the shooter is offered amnesty for the shootings, whatever dead Bigfoot evidence he has stashed away from the shootings is going to disappear. In that case we will have to wait until another Bigfoot is killed, and it will happen again.
    I believe that this is true. The shooter should obtain an attorney and begin negotiations with law enforcement in order to obtain an amnesty for the killings, possibly in the name of science or for whatever other reason they can come up with. I strongly support an amnesty for the shooter, if only in interests of science.
    “Bigfoot steak” from the Sierra Kills tested 100% human. Yes it is true, the slice from the Sierra Kills tested 100% human. However, probably only MtDNA was tested, in which case the result would make sense. However, there could be legal issues, as according to DNA, the “thing” in the Sierra Kills was 100% human. Nevertheless, on a recent radio show, two men associated with the DNA project implied that the Bigfoot steak has since been proven to be from a Bigfoot via DNA testing.
    Endless delays in Ketchum DNA Project. We can also report now that as of June 11, 2011, Melba Ketchum’s DNA study had still not been completed. The paper has supposedly been written, but they are waiting for the last few samples to come in. After that, the paper will go out for peer review. Why don’t they close enrollment on the samples and say they won’t accept any more for the study? That would seem to be the reasonable thing to do.
    In December, on a radio show, Ketchum said exactly the same thing. That the paper was written, but they were waiting for the last few samples to come in. Here it is 5 1/2 months later and she is still saying the same thing. In the early part of the year, we were told that the paper was already out for peer review. Now, 4 1/2 months later, it hasn’t even gone out yet.
    These delays are insane. I really don’t think that Ketchum is ever going to publish her paper. I’ve given up hope.
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    --Now as I see it, if there is a piece of genetically human flesh in a laboratory's possession, the coroner's office has the right to sieze it upon presentation of the proper writ. No excuses, please, just hand it over and if it leads to an inquest over a possible murder, be prepared to make yopurself available to give testimony as a witness. And of course IMHO, the type of "Bigfoot" that was shot was very likely human and in fact is the same type of human as the Pangboche preserved hand is, a Neanderthal. This is one of the perils of killing a "Bigfoot": at least one of the basic creature categories is a "Wildman" and that one is universally acknowledged in Folklore to be basically a hairy form of human being. And so if you shoot one it really is MURDER. And whoever shot the Iceman was likewise commiting a MURDER.

    As to the "Bigfoot" creatures trying to escape sometimes on the hind legs and sometimes on all fours, that can be attributed to the wounded creatures crawling on all fours when the strength to continue on hind legs alone failed them. The young ones could even have been toddlers.

    IMHO the whole affair can be equated to some old-fashioned cowboy types going out to shoot some Indians for fun. Or what the Nazis used to call a Judenjagd, a Jew-Hunt, where fugitive Jews were actually hunted down through the forests while trying to escape.

    And I can't blame Melba Ketcham for not finishing the paper she promised because whatever happens next, she's in for it.

    Best Wishes, Dale D.